SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Ainsworth, Mary D. S., and John Bowlby. “An Ethological Approach to Personality Development.” American Psychologist 46, no. 4 (1991): 333–41. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.333.
Alio, Amina P., Alfred K. Mbah, Jennifer L. Kornosky, Deanna Wathington, Phillip J. Marty, and Hamisu M. Salihu. “Assessing the Impact of Paternal Involvement on Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Infant Mortality Rates.” Journal of Community Health 36, no. 1 (2011): 63–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-010-9280-3.
Alleyne-Green, Binta, Claudette Grinnell-Davis, Trenette T. Clark, Camille R. Quinn, and Qiana R. Cryer-Coupet. “Father Involvement, Dating Violence, and Sexual Risk Behaviors among a National Sample of Adolescent Females.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence 31, no. 5 (2016): 810–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514556762.
Amato, Paul R. “The Impact of Family Formation Change on the Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Well-Being of the Next Generation.” Future of Children 15, no. 2 (2005): 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2005.0012.
The Selfish Giant. Directed by Clio Barnard. London: Artificial Eye, 2013. Film.
The Basketball Diaries. Directed by Scott Kalvert. Los Angeles: New Line Cinema, 1995. Film.
Beyoncé. “Before I Let Go.” On Homecoming: The Live Album. Parkwood Entertainment, 2019. Digital audio.
Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. “Big Brothers Big Sisters of America.” Accessed April 24, 2025. https://www.bbbs.org/.
Bogaert, Anthony F. “Age at Puberty and Father Absence in a National Probability Sample.” Journal of Adolescence 28, no. 4 (2005): 541–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.10.008.
Brand, Russell. “My Life without Drugs.” The Guardian, March 9, 2013. https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2013/mar/09/russell-brand-life-without-drugs.
Bridge of Hope. “Helping to End Family Homelessness.” Accessed July 5, 2025. https://bridgeofhopeinc.org/.
Bronte-Tinkew, Jacinta, Kristin A. Moore, and Jennifer Carrano. “The Father-Child Relationship, Parenting Styles, and Adolescent Risk Behaviors in Intact Families.” Journal of Family Issues 27, no. 6 (2006): 850–81. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X05285296.
Burgess, Melvin. Smack. London: Andersen Press, 1996.
Cancian, Maria, and Daniel R. Meyer. The Effects of Child Support Pass-Through and Disregard Policies. Discussion Paper 1330-07. Madison, WI: Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 2007.
Care Net. “About Care Net—A Pro-Abundant Life Ministry.” Accessed June 11, 2025. https://care-net.org/about/.
Cavanagh, Shannon E., and Aletha C. Huston. “Family Instability and Children’s Early Problem Behavior.” Social Forces 85, no. 1 (2006): 551–81. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0120.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. Web-Based Injury Statistics Query and Reporting System (WISQARS). “Leading Causes of Death, 2021, Ages 10–24.” Accessed April 11, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/index.html.
Chapman, Tracy. “Fast Car.” Single. Elektra Records, April 6, 1988. Vinyl.
Charles, Pajarita, Luke Muentner, and Jean Kjellstrand. “Parenting and Incarceration: Perspectives on Father–Child Involvement during Reentry from Prison.” Social Service Review 93, no. 2 (2019): 218–261. https://doi.org/10.1086/703446.
Chary, Mamatha C. “Father Knows Best: The Interactive Effects of Fathering Quantity and Quality on Child Self-Regulation.” PhD diss., University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2020.
“Project Fatherhood.” Children’s Institute. https://www.childrensinstitute.org/project-fatherhood/. Accessed June 11, 2025.
Children of Prisoners Europe. “The COPING Project.” https://childrenofprisoners.eu/the-coping-project-publication/. Accessed April 24, 2025.
Childline. “Parents in Prison: Annie’s Story.” Childline. https://www.childline.org.uk/get-involved/real-life-stories/
Childline. “Neglect: Steve’s Story.” https://www.childline.org.uk/get-involved/real-life-stories/neglect-steves-story/. Accessed May 2, 2025.
Clapton, Eric. Clapton: The Autobiography. New York: Broadway Books, 2007.
Clapton, Eric. “Eric Clapton’s Salvation Road.” Vanity Fair, November 2007. https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2007/11/clapton200711.
Clarkson, Kelly. “Because of You.” Track 4 on Breakaway. RCA Records, 2004.
Clarkson, Kelly. “Kelly Clarkson explains why she doesn't stay in touch with her father.” Interview by Skavlan (Norwegian-Swedish TV talk show). Posted November 13, 2017. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xm9ujgcOh3w.
Comfort, Megan. Doing Time Together: Love and Family in the Shadow of the Prison. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008.
“About – Crossroads Centre Antigua.” Crossroads Centre. https://crossroadsantigua.org/about/. Accessed June 15, 2025.
Culpin, Iryna, Hein Heuvelman, Dheeraj Rai, Rebecca M. Pearson, Carol Joinson, Jon Heron, Jonathan Evans, and Alex S. F. Kwong. “Father Absence and Trajectories of Offspring Mental Health across Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Findings from a UK Birth Cohort.” Journal of Affective Disorders 314 (2022): 150–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.07.016.
Daly, Martin, and Margo Wilson. “Child Abuse and Other Risks of Not Living with Both Parents.” Ethology and Sociobiology 6, no. 4 (1985): 197–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(85)90012-3.
“Some Differential Attributes of Lethal Assaults on Small Children by Stepfathers versus Genetic Fathers.” Ethology and Sociobiology 15, no. 4 (1994): 207–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/0162-3095(94)90014-0.
Daughters. Directed by Angela Patton and Natalie Rae. Los Angeles: Netflix, 2024. Documentary film.
Davies, Patrick T., and E. Mark Cummings. “Marital Conflict and Child Adjustment: An Emotional Security Hypothesis.” Psychological Bulletin 116, no. 3 (1994): 387–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.116.3.387.
Davis, Corné. “A Survivor’s Story: How Having an Absent Father Contributed to My Becoming a Victim of Domestic Violence.” Baby’s and Beyond, November 22, 2023. https://babysandbeyond.co.za/latest-news/a-survivors-story-how-having-an-absent-father-contributed-to-my-becoming-a-victim-of-domestic-violence/.
Dazai, Osamu. No Longer Human. Translated by Donald Keene. New York: New Directions, 1973.
Fathers in the Field. “Defending the Cause: Compassion for Single Moms.” Fathers in the Field (blog), March 8 2016. https://www.fathersinthefield.com/defending-the-cause-compassion-for-single-moms/.
Del Toro, Juan, Adam Fine, and Ming-Te Wang. “The Intergenerational Effects of Paternal Incarceration on Children’s Social and Psychological Well-Being from Early Childhood to Adolescence.” Development and Psychopathology 35, no. 2 (2023): 558–69. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579421001693.
Dessen, Sarah. Dreamland. New York: Viking, 2000.
The Diary of a Teenage Girl. Directed by Marielle Heller. New York: Sony Pictures Classics, 2015. Film.
Doherty, William J., Brian J. Willoughby, and Jason Wilde. “Is the Gender Gap in College Enrollment Influenced by Nonmarital Birth Rates and Father Absence?” Family Relations 65, no. 2 (2016): 263–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12157.
DuBois, David L., Nelson Portillo, Jean E. Rhodes, Naida Silverthorn, and Jeffrey C. Valentine. “How Effective Are Mentoring Programs for Youth? A Systematic Assessment of the Evidence.” Psychological Science in the Public Interest 12, no. 2 (2011): 57–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100611414806.
Dubowitz, Howard, Maureen M. Black, Melissa A. Kerr, Raymond H. Starr Jr., and David Harrington. “Fathers and Child Neglect.” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 154, no. 2 (2000): 135-141. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.154.2.135
Durlak, Joseph A., Roger P. Weissberg, and Molly Pachan. “A Meta-Analysis of After-School Programs That Seek to Promote Personal and Social Skills in Children and Adolescents.” American Journal of Community Psychology 45, nos. 3–4 (2010): 294–309. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-010-9300-6.
Eggebeen, David J., and Daniel T. Lichter. “Race, Family Structure, and Changing Poverty among American Children.” American Sociological Review 56, no. 6 (1991): 801–17.
Elliott, Andrea. Invisible Child: Poverty, Survival & Hope in an American City. New York: Random House, 2021.
Ellis, Bruce J., John E. Bates, Kenneth A. Dodge, David M. Fergusson, L. John Horwood, Gregory S. Pettit, and Lianne Woodward. “Does Father Absence Place Daughters at Special Risk for Early Sexual Activity and Teenage Pregnancy?” Child Development 74, no. 3 (2003): 801–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00569.
Embrace Grace. “Single Mom Ministry Group.” Accessed June 11 2025. https://www.embracegrace.com/single-mom-ministry-group.
Eminem, performer and composer. “The Kids.” Track 16 on The Marshall Mathers LP. Interscope Records, 2000. Digital audio.
Families Outside. Paying the Price: Summary of the Costs and Barriers to Visiting Prison for Families. Edinburgh: Families Outside, January 2025. https://www.familiesoutside.org.uk/content/uploads/2025/01/SUMMAR1.pdf.
The Fatherhood Project. “Testimonials.” Accessed March 10 2025. https://thefatherhoodproject.org/schools/testimonials/.
Fathers & Families Support Center. “Carlos W.” Success Stories. Accessed June 11 2025. https://fatherssupportcenter.org/success-stories/carlos-w/.
Fearon, R. Pasco, Marian J. Bakermans-Kranenburg, Marinus H. van Ijzendoorn, Anne-Marie Lapsley, and Glenn I. Roisman. “The Significance of Insecure Attachment and Disorganization in the Development of Children’s Externalizing Behavior: A Meta-Analytic Study.” Child Development 81, no. 2 (2010): 435–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x.
Feldman, Ruth. “Father Contribution to Human Resilience.” Development and Psychopathology 35, no. 5 (2023): 2402–19. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579423000354.
Felitti, Vincent J., Robert F. Anda, Dale Nordenberg, David F. Williamson, Alison M. Spitz, Valerie Edwards, Mary P. Koss, and James S. Marks. “Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8.
Felon. Directed by Ric Roman Waugh. Culver City, CA: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, 2008. Film.
Fingarson, Amanda K., Mary C. Pierce, Douglas J. Lorenz, Kim Kaczor, Berkeley Bennett, Rachel Berger, Melissa Currie, et al. “Who’s Watching the Children? Caregiver Features Associated with Physical Child Abuse versus Accidental Injury.” Journal of Pediatrics 212 (2019): 180–87.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2019.05.040.
Fish Tank. Directed by Andrea Arnold. London: Curzon Artificial Eye, 2009. Film.
The Florida Project. Directed by Sean Baker. New York: A24, 2017. Film.
Flouri, Eirini, and Ann Buchanan. “The Role of Father Involvement in Children’s Later Mental Health.” Journal of Adolescence 26, no. 1 (2003): 63–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(02)00116-1.
Flouri, Eirini, M. K. Narayanan, and Emily Midouhas. “The Cross-Lagged Relationship between Father Absence and Child Problem Behaviour in the Early Years.” Child: Care, Health and Development 41, no. 6 (2015): 1090–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12236.
Ford, Ashley C. Somebody’s Daughter: A Memoir. New York: Flatiron Books, 2021.
French, Chaz, performer. “Pops.” Single. Motown Records/UMG, 2017. Digital audio.
Garland, Timothy James. “Fatherless Homes and Implications on Student Achievement.” PhD diss., Indiana State University, 2015.
Gateway Church. “Prison Ministry.” Accessed April 24, 2025. https://gatewaypeople.com/ministries/prison-ministry.
Gebresilase, Bereket M., Meiping Wang, and Esayas T. Taddese. “Father Involvement and Adolescent Substance Use: Adolescents’ Depression Symptom as a Mediator and Maternal Self-Esteem as a Moderator.” Journal of Substance Use (2024): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2024.2395530.
Gelles, Richard J. “Child Abuse and Violence in Single-Parent Families: Parent-Absence and Economic Deprivation.” American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 59, no. 4 (1989): 492–501. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1989.tb02738.x.
Gentry, Bobbie, songwriter and performer. “Fancy.” Single. Capitol Records, 1969. Vinyl.
Girls For A Change. “Date with Dad Weekend.” Accessed April 24, 2025. https://girlsforachange.org/events-and-programs/date-with-dad-weekend/.
Glaze, Lauren E., and Laura M. Maruschak. Parents in Prison and Their Minor Children. Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report NCJ 222984. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, 2008; revised 2010.
Granner, Josephine R., Shawna J. Lee, Jade Burns, Todd I. Herrenkohl, Allison L. Miller, and Julia S. Seng. “Childhood Maltreatment History and Trauma-Specific Predictors of Parenting Stress in New Fathers.” Infant Mental Health Journal 44, no. 6 (2023): 767–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.22084.
Green, Katie. “This Chicago Man Helps Young Dads in Underserved Communities Become the Fathers Their Kids Need.” People, January 31, 2022. https://people.com/human-interest/chicago-man-launches-org-to-help-dads-in-underserved-communities/.
Greene, Carolyn A., Lauren Haisley, Cara Wallace, and Julian D. Ford. “Intergenerational Effects of Childhood Maltreatment: A Systematic Review of the Parenting Practices of Adult Survivors of Childhood Abuse, Neglect, and Violence.” Clinical Psychology Review 80 (2020): 101891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101891.
Grossman, Jean B., and Jean E. Rhodes. “The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships.” American Journal of Community Psychology 30, no. 2 (2002): 199–219. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014680827552.
Guilamo-Ramos, Vincent, Alida Bouris, Jane Lee, Katharine McCarthy, Shannon L. Michael, Seraphine Pitt-Barnes, and Patricia Dittus. “Paternal Influences on Adolescent Sexual Risk Behaviors: A Structured Literature Review.” Pediatrics 130, no. 5 (2012): e1313–25. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2066.
Hairston, Creasie Finney. “Family Ties during Imprisonment: Important to Whom and for What?” Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare 18, no. 1 (1991): 87–104.
Hemovich, Vanessa, and William D. Crano. “Family Structure and Adolescent Drug Use: An Exploration of Single-Parent Families.” Substance Use & Misuse 44, no. 14 (2009): 2099–113. https://doi.org/10.3109/10826080902858375.
Hill, Lydia. “Fatherless No More.” Spirit Magazine, Spring 2024. https://spirit.txamfoundation.com/spring-2024/fatherless-no-more-.aspx.
Hinton, Anna. “Representing Redemption.” South Side Weekly, April 17, 2018. https://southsideweekly.com/representing-redemption/.
Hollingsworth, Heather. “When Kids Are Evicted, They Often Lose Both Home and School.” Associated Press, April 2, 2025.
Jeremiah Program. “Home.” Accessed July 5, 2025. https://jeremiahprogram.org/.
Hopkins, Ellen. Identical. New York: Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2008.
Jankovic, Cassandra, Jessica Sharp, and Monica Thielking. “Child Maltreatment and Post-Traumatic Growth: Implications for the Well-Being of Young Adults.” Child Abuse & Neglect 131 (2022): 105783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105783.
Jessee, Von, and Kari Adamsons. “Father Involvement and Father–Child Relationship Quality: An Intergenerational Perspective.” Parenting: Science and Practice 18, no. 1 (2018): 28–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2018.1405700.
Knox, Krysta N., Michael F. TenEyck, and Sarah A. El Sayed. “The Relationship between Father Absence and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization and Perpetration: Does Timing Matter?” Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology 9, no. 1 (2023): 71–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40865-023-00227-0.
Kohn, Laurie S. “Engaging Men as Fathers: The Courts, the Law, and Father-Absence in Low-Income Families.” Cardozo Law Review 35, no. 2 (2013): 511–65.
Nobody Knows (Dare mo Shiranai). Directed by Hirokazu Kore-eda. Tokyo: Cinequanon; New York: IFC Films, 2004. Film.
La Guardia, Amanda C., Judith A. Nelson, and Ian M. Lertora. “The Impact of Father Absence on Daughter Sexual Development and Behaviors: Implications for Professional Counselors.” The Family Journal 22, no. 3 (2014): 339–46. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480714529887.
Lam, Diane. “Through Stories, Parents in Prison Are Reconnecting with Their Children.” Wonderwall.sg, July 13, 2023. https://wonderwall.sg/family/through-stories-parents-in-prison-are-reconnecting-with-their-children.
Lamb, Michael E. “How Do Fathers Influence Children’s Development? Let Me Count the Ways.” In The Role of the Father in Child Development, 5th ed., edited by Michael E. Lamb, 1–26. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
Land, Stephanie. Maid: Hard Work, Low Pay, and a Mother’s Will to Survive. New York: Hachette Books, 2019.
Lang, Kevin, and Jay L. Zagorsky. “Does Growing Up with a Parent Absent Really Hurt?” Journal of Human Resources 36, no. 2 (2001): 253–73. https://doi.org/10.2307/3069659.
Lee, D. Susie, and Hanna Semenchenko. Father Absence and Pubertal Timing in Korean Boys and Girls. MPIDR Working Paper WP-2023-011. Rostock: Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, 2023. https://doi.org/10.4054/MPIDR-WP-2023-011.
Lee, Jin-Kyung, and Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan. “Resident Fathers’ Positive Engagement, Family Poverty, and Change in Child Behavior Problems.” Family Relations 66, no. 3 (2017): 484–496. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12283.
Lennon, John. “Mother.” Single. Apple Records, 1970. Vinyl.
Liu, Diyue, and Yi Jiang. “Distinct Roles of Perceived Teacher and Peer Relationships in Adolescent Students’ Academic Motivation and Outcomes: Father Absence as a Moderator.” Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology 16 (2022): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1177/18344909221146236.
Lo, Camilla K. M., Ko Ling Chan, and Patrick Ip. “Insecure Adult Attachment and Child Maltreatment: A Meta-Analysis.” Trauma, Violence & Abuse 20, no. 5 (2019): 706–719. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838017730579.
Lowell, Catelynn, and Tyler Baltierra. Conquering Chaos. New York: Post Hill Press, 2015.
Lundberg, Shelly. Father Absence and the Educational Gender Gap. IZA Discussion Paper 10814. Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics, 2017.
Machine Gun Kelly, feat. Naomi Wild. “Glass House.” Track 12 on Hotel Diablo. Bad Boy / Interscope, 2019. Digital audio.
Mallers, Melanie H., Susan T. Charles, Shevaun D. Neupert, and David M. Almeida. “Perceptions of Childhood Relationships with Mother and Father: Daily Emotional and Stressor Experiences in Adulthood.” Developmental Psychology 46, no. 6 (2010): 1651–1661. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021020.
Mandara, Jelani, and Carolyn B. Murray. “Father’s Absence and African American Adolescent Drug Use.” Journal of Divorce & Remarriage 46, nos. 1–2 (2006): 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v46n01_01.
Markowitz, Anna J., and Rebecca M. Ryan. “Father Absence and Adolescent Depression and Delinquency: A Comparison of Siblings Approach.” Journal of Marriage and Family 78, no. 5 (2016): 1300–1314. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12343.
Marks, Janae. From the Desk of Zoe Washington. New York: Quill Tree Books, 2021.
Marti-Castaner, Maria, Tonya Pavlenko, Ruby Engel, Karen Sanchez, Allyson E. Crawford, Jeanne Brooks-Gunn, and Christopher Wimer. “Poverty after Birth: How Mothers Experience and Navigate U.S. Safety Net Programs to Address Family Needs.” Journal of Child and Family Studies 31, no. 8 (2022): 2248–2265. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02322-0.
Mayer, John. “Daughters.” Track 8 on Heavier Things. Columbia Records, 2003. Digital audio.
McCourt, Frank. Angela’s Ashes: A Memoir. New York: Scribner, 1996.
McLanahan, Sara, Laura Tach, and Daniel Schneider. “The Causal Effects of Father Absence.” Annual Review of Sociology 39 (2013): 399–427. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-071312-145704.
MENTOR: The National Mentoring Partnership. “Mentoring Stories.” Accessed March 10 2025. https://www.mentoring.org/mentoring-stories/.
Kids Hope USA. “The Mentor Program: How It Works.” Accessed June 11 2025. https://kidshopeusa.org/mentor-program/.
Bridgespan Group. “Case Study: Boys & Girls Clubs of America.” August 22, 2011. https://www.bridgespan.org/insights/preparing-to-grow-your-networks-impact/case-study-boys-and-girls-clubs-of-america.
Miller, Niela. “Daddy Went to Jail.” Track A5 on Songs of Leaving. Numerophon, 2009. Vinyl.
Minkovitz, Cynthia S., Donna Strobino, Dan Scharfstein, William Hou, Tess Miller, Kamila B. Mistry, and Karen Swartz. “Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Children’s Receipt of Health Care in the First Three Years of Life.” Pediatrics 115, no. 2 (2005): 306–14. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2004-0341.
Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970.
Mullany, Britta C., Stan Becker, and Michelle J. Hindin. “The Impact of Including Husbands in Antenatal Health Education Services on Maternal Health Practices in Urban Nepal: Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial.” Health Education Research 22, no. 2 (2007): 166–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyl060.
Murray, Joseph, David P. Farrington, and Ivana Sekol. “Children’s Antisocial Behavior, Mental Health, Drug Use, and Educational Performance after Parental Incarceration: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 138, no. 2 (2012): 175–210. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026407.
Nafisah, Aisyah Durrotun, Yuli Kurniawati Sugiyo Pranoto, and Siti Nuzulia. “The Impact of Father Involvement in the Early Childhood Problematic Behavior.” JPUD – Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 17, no. 1 (2023): 14–30. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.171.02.
National Fatherhood Initiative. “Father Involvement Programs for Organizations and Families.” Accessed July 6, 2025. https://www.fatherhood.org/.
National Fatherhood Initiative. “InsideOut Dad®.” Accessed April 24, 2025. https://www.fatherhood.org/program-insideout-dad.
National Fatherhood Initiative. “Partner Success Stories.” Accessed June 11, 2025. https://www.fatherhood.org/partner-success-stories.
Notre Dame Mission Volunteers–AmeriCorps. “Notre Dame Mission Volunteers–AmeriCorps.” Accessed April 24, 2025. https://www.ndmva.org/.
NSPCC. “Sophie’s Story.” Accessed May 2, 2025. https://www.nspcc.org.uk/what-is-child-abuse/childrens-stories/sophies-story/.
O’Gara, Jaimie L., Anao Zhang, Yolanda C. Padilla, Chun Liu, and Kaipeng Wang. “Father–Youth Closeness and Adolescent Self-Rated Health: The Mediating Role of Mental Health.” Children and Youth Services Review 104 (2019): 104386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104386.
Oasis. “Champagne Supernova.” Written by Noel Gallagher. Track 12 on (What’s the Story) Morning Glory? Creation Records, 1995. Digital audio.
Page, Marianne E., and Ann Huff Stevens. “The Economic Consequences of Absent Parents.” Journal of Human Resources 39, no. 1 (2004): 80–107. https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.39.1.80.
Pager, Devah. “The Mark of a Criminal Record.” American Journal of Sociology 108, no. 5 (2003): 937–75. https://doi.org/10.1086/374403.
Papa Roach. “Broken Home.” Track 3 on Infest. DreamWorks Records, 2001. Digital audio.
Paquette, Daniel. “Theorizing the Father–Child Relationship: Mechanisms and Developmental Outcomes.” Human Development 47, no. 4 (2004): 193–219. https://doi.org/10.1159/000078723.
Paxson, Christina, and Jane Waldfogel. “Work, Welfare, and Child Maltreatment.” Journal of Labor Economics 20, no. 3 (2002): 435–74. https://doi.org/10.1086/339609.
Perkins, Njera. “Demi Lovato ‘Chased’ Child Stardom Because of ‘Daddy Issues’ …” People, August 14, 2024. https://people.com/demi-lovato-chased-success-because-of-daddy-issues-8695206.
Pew Research Center. “The American Family Today.” In Parenting in America. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, December 17, 2015. https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2015/12/17/1-the-american-family-today/.
Pinquart, Martin. “Associations of Parenting Styles and Dimensions with Internalizing Symptoms in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis.” Marriage & Family Review 53, no. 7 (2017): 613–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2016.1247761.
Plantin, Lars, Adepeju Aderemi Olukoya, and Pernilla Ny. “Positive Health Outcomes of Fathers’ Involvement in Pregnancy and Childbirth: Paternal Support—A Scope Study Literature Review.” Fathering 9, no. 1 (2011): 87–102. https://doi.org/10.3149/fth.0901.87.
Poehlmann-Tynan, Julie, Cynthia Burnson, Hilary Runion, and Lindsay A. Weymouth. “Attachment in Young Children with Incarcerated Fathers.” Development and Psychopathology 29, Special Issue 2 (2017): 389–404. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579417000062.
Popenoe, David. Life without Father: Compelling New Evidence That Fatherhood and Marriage Are Indispensable for the Good of Children and Society. New York: Free Press, 1996.
Prison Fellowship. “Angel Tree Camping.” Accessed April 24 2025. https://www.prisonfellowship.org/about/angel-tree/angel-tree-camping/.
Project Avary. “Project Avary.” Accessed April 24 2025. https://www.projectavary.org/.
Radl, Jonas, Leire Salazar, and Héctor Cebolla-Boado. “Does Living in a Fatherless Household Compromise Educational Success? A Comparative Study of Cognitive and Non-cognitive Skills.” European Journal of Population 33, no. 2 (2017): 217–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-017-9414-8.
Raher, Stephen. “The Company Store and the Literally Captive Market: Consumer Law in Prisons and Jails.” Hastings Race & Poverty Law Journal 17, no. 1 (2020): 3–85.
Reeb, Ben T., and Katherine J. Conger. “Mental Health Service Utilization in a Community Sample of Rural Adolescents: The Role of Father–Offspring Relations.” Journal of Pediatric Psychology 36, no. 6 (2011): 661–668. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsr016.
Rhodes, Jean E., Jean B. Grossman, and Nancy L. Resch. “Agents of Change: Pathways through Which Mentoring Relationships Influence Adolescents’ Academic Adjustment.” Child Development 71, no. 6 (2000): 1662–1671. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00256.
Rienzi, Greg. “A Remarkable Partnership Sets High-Schoolers on New Path.” Johns Hopkins Gazette 36, no. 37 (June 11 2007). https://pages.jh.edu/gazette/2007/11jun07/11mentor.html.
Safe Families for Children. “About Us.” Accessed May 2 2025. https://safe-families.org/.
Salmon, Catherine A., John M. Townsend, and Jessica A. Hehman. “Casual Sex and College Students: Sex Differences and the Impact of Father Absence.” Evolutionary Psychological Science 2, no. 4 (2016): 254–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40806-016-0061-9.
Schneider, William. “Single Mothers, the Role of Fathers, and the Risk for Child Maltreatment.” Children and Youth Services Review 81 (2017): 81–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.07.025.
Schnitzer, Patricia G., and Bernard G. Ewigman. “Child Deaths Resulting from Inflicted Injuries: Household Risk Factors and Perpetrator Characteristics.” Pediatrics 116, no. 5 (2005): e687–e693. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-0296.
Schubert, Shannon. “Boys to the Bush Helps Youths through Community Connection, Practical Skills.” ABC News, 21 December 2024. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2024-12-21/boys-to-the-bush-troubled-youth-program-helping-teens/104702984.
Scribano, Philip V., Kathi L. Makoroff, Kenneth W. Feldman, and Rachel P. Berger. “Association of Perpetrator Relationship to Abusive Head Trauma: Clinical Outcomes.” Child Abuse & Neglect 37, no. 10 (2013): 771–777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.04.011.
Sedlak, Andrea J., and Diane D. Broadhurst. Third National Incidence Study of Child Abuse and Neglect (NIS-3): Final Report. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 1996.
Shakur, Tauheedah. “My Father Went to Prison for Trying to Kill Someone.” Teen Vogue, October 21 2017. https://www.teenvogue.com/story/my-father-went-to-prison-for-trying-to-kill-someone.
Shakur, Tupac, vocalist. “Brenda’s Got a Baby.” Track 10 on 2Pacalypse Now. Interscope Records, 1991. Digital audio.
Shakur, Tupac, vocalist. “Papa’z Song.” Track 15 on Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. Interscope Records, 1993. Digital audio.
Sheppard, Paula, and Rebecca Sear. “Father Absence Predicts Age at Sexual Maturity and Reproductive Timing in British Men.” Biology Letters 8, no. 2 (2012): 237–40. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2011.0747.
Shonkoff, Jack P., and Andrew S. Garner. “The Lifelong Effects of Early Childhood Adversity and Toxic Stress.” Pediatrics 129, no. 1 (2012): e232–46. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-2663.
Sigle-Rushton, Wendy, and Sara McLanahan. “Father Absence and Child Well-Being: A Critical Review.” In The Future of the Family, edited by Daniel P. Moynihan, Lee Rainwater, and Timothy M. Smeeding, 116–156. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2004.
Slack, Kristen S., Juli L. Holl, Marah McDaniel, Jennifer Yoo, and Karen Bolger. “Understanding the Risks of Child Neglect: An Exploration of Poverty and Parenting Characteristics.” Child Maltreatment 9, no. 4 (2004): 395–408. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559504269193.
Smith, Betty. A Tree Grows in Brooklyn. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1943.
Son of a Saint. “History.” Accessed June 11, 2025. https://www.sonofasaint.org/history.
St. Vincent, performer. “Daddy’s Home.” Track 3 on Daddy’s Home. Loma Vista Recordings, 2021. Digital audio.
Stand Together. “Boys Need Their Fathers. The Next Best Thing? A Whole Team of Adults.” Accessed June 11, 2025. https://standtogether.org/stories/strong-safe-communities/addressing-fatherlessness-the-role-of-mentors-in-young-boys-lives.
Starling, S. P., J. R. Holden, and C. Jenny. “Abusive Head Trauma: The Relationship of Perpetrators to Their Victims.” Pediatrics 95, no. 2 (1995): 259–62.
Stith, Sandra M., Ting Liu, L. Christopher Davies, Esther L. Boykin, Meagan C. Alder, Jennifer M. Harris, Anurag Som, Mary McPherson, and J. E. M. E. G. Dees. “Risk Factors in Child Maltreatment: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Literature.” Aggression and Violent Behavior 14, no. 1 (2009): 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2006.03.006.
Stump, Kathryn N., Janis B. Kupersmidt, Rebecca L. Stelter, and Jean E. Rhodes. “Mentoring Program Enhancements Supporting Effective Mentoring of Children of Incarcerated Parents.” American Journal of Community Psychology 62, nos. 1–2 (2018): 163–74. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12250.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Adverse Childhood Experiences and the Role of Substance Misuse Prevention. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA, 2024. https://www.samhsa.gov/resource/sptac/adverse-childhood-experiences-role-substance-misuse-prevention. Accessed April 24, 2025.
Suh, Go Woon, William V. Fabricius, Matthew M. Stevenson, Ross D. Parke, Jeffrey T. Cookston, Sanford L. Braver, and Delia S. Saenz. “Effects of the Inter-Parental Relationship on Adolescents’ Emotional Security and Adjustment: The Important Role of Fathers.” Developmental Psychology 52, no. 10 (2016): 1666-1678. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0000204.
Sutton, John R. “Stubborn Children: Law and the Socialization of Deviance in the Puritan Colonies.” Family Law Quarterly 15, no. 1 (1981): 31–64.
Svanum, Soren, Robert G. Bringle, and Joan E. McLaughlin. “Father Absence and Cognitive Performance in a Large Sample of Six- to Eleven-Year-Old Children.” Child Development 53, no. 1 (1982): 136–43. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129645.
Schwartz, Susan E. The Absent Father Effect on Daughters. 1st ed. New York: Routledge, 2020.
Tartt, Donna. The Goldfinch. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2013.
Thomas, George, Michael P. Farrell, and Grace M. Barnes. “The Effects of Single-Mother Families and Nonresident Fathers on Delinquency and Substance Abuse in Black and White Adolescents.” Journal of Marriage and the Family 58, no. 4 (1996): 884–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/353977.
Thirteen. Directed by Catherine Hardwicke. Los Angeles: Fox Searchlight Pictures, 2003. Film.
Tierney, Joseph P., and Jean Baldwin Grossman, with Nancy L. Resch. Making a Difference: An Impact Study of Big Brothers Big Sisters. Philadelphia: Public/Private Ventures, 1995.
Tiller, Denali, director. “Tre Maison Dasan.” Episode 14, season 20 of Independent Lens. Arlington, VA: PBS, 2019. Documentary film. https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/documentaries/tre-maison-dasan/.
Turner, Joshua J., Kay Bradford, Brian J. Higginbotham, and Andrea Coppin. “Examining the Outcomes of the InsideOut Dad Fatherhood Education Program for Incarcerated Minority Fathers.” The Family Journal 29, no. 3 (2021): 305–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1066480720978541.
United States Census Bureau. “Table CH-1. Living Arrangements of Children Under 18 Years Old: 1960 to Present.” Current Population Survey, Families and Living Arrangements: Historical Tables. Released November 2023. Accessed April 11 2025. https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/families/children.html.
United Way of Siouxland. “Success Story—Girls Inc.” PDF. n.d. Accessed June 11 2025. https://www.unitedwaysiouxland.com/sites/unitedwaysiouxland/files/Success%20Story%20-%20Girls%20Inc%20.pdf.
U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. “Children Living in Poverty.” In The Condition of Education 2013, Indicator CCE-05. Washington, DC: NCES, 2013. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/pdf/coe_cce_2013_05.pdf.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. Information on Poverty and Income Statistics: A Summary of 2012 Current Population Survey Data. Issue Brief. Washington, DC, September 12 2012.
Vance, J. D. Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis. New York: Harper, 2016.
Vecere, Erik. “25 Years of NFI: Featuring Sara Persons of Children and Families of Iowa.” National Fatherhood Initiative (blog), June 12 2019. https://www.fatherhood.org/championing-fatherhood/25-years-of-nfi-featuring-sara-persons-of-children-and-families-of-iowa.
Venema, Rick, Loes van Hootegem, Letty Buisman, Carlo Schuengel, and Judi Mesman. “Paternal Incarceration, Family Relationships, and Adolescents’ Internalizing and Externalizing Problem Behaviors.” Journal of Child and Family Studies 33, no. 5 (2024): 1807–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40865-024-00253-6.
Wakefield, Sara, and Christopher Wildeman. “Mass Imprisonment and Racial Disparities in Childhood Behavioral Problems.” Criminology & Public Policy 10, no. 3 (2011): 793–817. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2011.00741.x.
Ward, Jesmyn. Sing, Unburied, Sing. New York: Scribner, 2017.
Warren, Roland. “Adrian Peterson’s Child Abuse Situation—Did We Learn the Right Lessons?” National Fatherhood Initiative (blog), February 10 2015. https://www.fatherhood.org/championing-fatherhood/adrian-petersons-child-abuse-situation-did-we-learn-the-right-lessons.
Warren Village. “About Us.” Accessed July 4 2025. https://warrenvillage.org/about-us/.
WE GOT US NOW. “WE GOT US NOW.” Accessed April 24 2025. https://www.wegotusnow.org/.
Winter’s Bone. Directed by Debra Granik. Los Angeles: Roadside Attractions, 2010. Film.
Yargawa, Judith, and Jo Leonardi-Bee. “Male Involvement and Maternal Health Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 69, no. 6 (2015): 604–12. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204784.
Yoon, Susan, Fei Pei, Xiafei Wang, Dalhee Yoon, Grace Lee, and Katherine S. McCarthy. “Vulnerability or Resilience to Early Substance Use among Adolescents at Risk: The Roles of Maltreatment and Father Involvement.” Child Abuse & Neglect 86 (2018): 206–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.020.
Yoon, Susan, Yang Shi, Dalhee Yoon, Fei Pei, Sarah Schoppe-Sullivan, and Susan M. Snyder. “Child Maltreatment, Fathers, and Adolescent Alcohol and Marijuana Use Trajectories.” Substance Use & Misuse 55, no. 5 (2020): 721–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1701033.
Zhou, Jiayi, Xueyan Wei, and Lingfang Xue. “Father Presence, Adolescent Girls’ Resilience, Psychological Security, and Achievement Goal Orientation: Examining Direct and Indirect Associations.” Frontiers in Psychology 15 (2024): 1403403. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1403403.